ABSTRACT
Abstract Background Migraine underdiagnosis and undertreatment are so widespread, that hence is essential to diagnose migraine sufferers in nonclinical settings. A systematic review of validation studies on migraine diagnostic tools applicable to nonclinical settings can help researchers and practitioners in tool selection decisions. Objective To systematically review and critically assess published validation studies on migraine diagnostic tools for use in nonclinical settings, as well as to describe their diagnostic performance. Methods A multidisciplinary workgroup followed transparent and systematic procedures to collaborate on this work. PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science were searched for studies up to January 17, 2022. The QUADAS-2 was employed to assess methodological quality, and the quality thresholds adopted by the Global Burden Disease study were used to tail signaling questions. Results From 7,214 articles identified, a total of 27 studies examining 19 tools were eligible for inclusion. There has been no high-quality evidence to support any tool for use of migraine diagnosis in nonclinical settings. The diagnostic accuracy of the ID-migraine, structured headache and HARDSHIP questionnaires have been supported by moderate-quality evidence, with sensitivity and specificity above 70%. Of them, the HARDSHIP questionnaire has been the most extensively validated. The remaining 16 tools have provided poor-quality evidence for migraine diagnosis in nonclinical populations. Conclusions Up till now, the HARDSHIP questionnaire is the optimal choice for diagnosing migraine in nonclinical settings, with satisfactory diagnostic accuracy supported by moderate methodological quality. This work reveals the crucial next step, which is further high-quality validation studies in diverse nonclinical population groups.
Resumo Antecedentes O sub-diagnóstico e o subtratamento da enxaqueca são tão difundidos que, portanto, é essencial para diagnosticar os portadores de enxaqueca em ambientes não-clínicos. Uma revisão sistemática dos estudos de validação das ferramentas de diagnóstico da enxaqueca aplicáveis a ambientes não-clínicos pode ajudar os pesquisadores e profissionais nas decisões de seleção de ferramentas. Objetivo Revisar sistematicamente e avaliar criticamente estudos de validação publicados sobre ferramentas de diagnóstico da enxaqueca para uso em ambientes não-clínicos, bem como descrever seu desempenho diagnóstico. Métodos Um grupo de trabalho multidisciplinar seguiu procedimentos transparentes e sistemáticos para colaborar neste trabalho. PubMed, Medline e Web of Science foram pesquisados por estudos até 17 de janeiro de 2022. O QUADAS-2 foi empregado para avaliar a qualidade metodológica, e os limites de qualidade adotados pelo estudo da Global Burden Disease foram usados para responder a questões de sinalização. Resultados De 7.214 artigos identificados, um total de 27 estudos examinando 19 ferramentas foram elegíveis para inclusão. Não houve evidência de alta qualidade para apoiar qualquer ferramenta para o uso de diagnóstico de enxaqueca em ambientes não clínicos. A precisão diagnóstica do ID-Migraine, questionário de dor de cabeça estruturada e questionário HARDSHIP foram apoiados por evidências de qualidade moderada, com sensibilidade e especificidade acima de 70%. Deles, o questionário HARDSHIP foi o mais amplamente validado. As 16 ferramentas restantes forneceram provas de má qualidade para o diagnóstico de enxaqueca em populações não-clínicas. Conclusões Até agora, o questionário HARDSHIP é a escolha ideal para o diagnóstico da enxaqueca em ambientes não-clínicos, com precisão diagnóstica satisfatória apoiada por uma qualidade metodológica moderada. Este trabalho revela o próximo passo crucial, que é a realização de mais estudos de validação de alta qualidade em diversos grupos populacionais não-clínicos.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Acacia nilotica methanol leaves extract on lipid profile and liver enzyme on alloxan induced diabetic rats. 30 Wistar rats of both sexes were used for the study. The rats were divided into six groups with five rats in each group. The diabetic rats were treated with n- butanol and ethyl acetate for a period of 12 days. After which the animals were sacrificed and blood serum sample were taken from all the groups for the assessment of lipid profiles and liver enzymes. As regards to the lipid profile there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the triglyceride and cholesterol level in ethyl acetate treated group with 50 and 100 mg/kg , while, there was also a significant increase in the levels of high density lipoprotein when compared with the control untreated group. Also there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in ALT, AST and ALP levels in ethyl acetate fraction treated group with 50 and 100 mg/kg when compared with the control untreated group. In relation to the n-butanol fraction at the two doses tested 100 and 200 mg/kg there was no significant change in the levels of triglyceride when compared with the control untreated. However there was decrease in the levels of cholesterol (p<0.05) and a significant increase in the levels of high density lipoprotein when compared with the control untreated. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the levels of ALT, AST while there was no significant change in the level of ALP treated with the n-butanol fraction when compared with the control untreated group. The phytochemical screening revealed the presences of saponin, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the ethyl acetate in mice was calculated to be 471.2 mg/kg b.w and n-butanol is 774.5 mg/kg b.w. This results suggest that the Ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions of methanol leaves extract of Acacia nilotica has anti-hyperlipidemic and hepatoprotective effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats.
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of hypoglycaemic activity of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Acacia nilotica on alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats has been investigated. Two doses of the ethylacetate fraction 50 and 100 mg/kg was administered. As regard to 50mg/kg caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose levels when compared with control at 3,5,7,9 and 12 days of treatment with percentage glycaemia change of 49.1,54.8,60.5, 58.8 and 69.7 respectively. However, the dose of 100mg/kg ,there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) at 3 5 7, 9 and 12 days treatment when compared to control untreated with percentage glycaemia change of 50.1,56.8, 52.8, 69.9 and 59.6 . Also two doses of n-butanol, 100 and 200 mg/kg fraction was administered to the diabetic rats. The dose of 100 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) after 7 and 12 days of treatment when compared to untreated control. As regard the dose of 200 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease ( p<0.05) at 3, 5 ,7,9 and 12 days of treatment when compared to control untreated with percentage glycaemic change of 20.7,35.3,52.3, 44.2 and 40.9 respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presences of saponin, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid. The median lethal dose (LD50) in mice was calculated to be 471.2 mg/kg bodyweight. This result suggests that the Ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions of leaves methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica possess antidiabetic effects on alloxan - induced diabetic Wistar rats.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of magnesium and copper sulphates on serum lipid profile and serum liver enzymes in fructose-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by administration of 20% (20g/100ml) of fructose dissolved in distilled water and administered to the animals for a period of six (6) weeks. After which the animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group I served as diabetic negative control were administered 1ml distilled water. Group II were administered Magnesium sulphate (250 mg/kg b w). Group III were administered Copper sulphate (250 mg/kg b w) and Group IV administered Metformin (250 mg/kg b w) served as positive control. All treatments were given orally for a period of seven days. The results obtained showed a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in the serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in groups administered with 250mg/kg b w of magnesium and copper sulphate when compared to diabetic control group. However, high density lipoprotein serum level was significantly increased (p<0.05) in groups administered with 250mg/kg b w of magnesium and copper sulphate when compared to diabetic control group. The results also showed that magnesium and copper sulphates at dose of 250mg/kg b w produced a significantly decreased (p<0.05) serum levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in the treated groups when compared to diabetic untreated control group.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of magnesium and copper sulphates on blood glucose and serum electrolytes levels in fructose-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by administration of 20% (20g/100ml) of fructose dissolved in distilled water and administered to the animals for a period of six (6). After which the animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group I served as diabetic control and were administered distilled water, Group II were administered Magnesium sulphate (250 mg/kg b w), Group III were administered Copper sulphate (250 mg/kg b w) and Group IV administered Metformin (250 mg/kg b w). All treatments were given orally for a period of seven days. The results obtained showed a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in the blood glucose levels in groups administered with 250 mg/kg b w of magnesium and copper sulphate after day 3 and 7 when compared to diabetic control group. The results also showed that magnesium and copper sulphates at doses tested i.e 250 mg/kg b w, produced a significantly decreased (p<0.05). With regard to serum levels of sodium, potassium and bicarbonate ions when compared to diabetic untreated control group. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of serum chloride in the groups treated with 250mg/kg b w of magnesium and copper sulphate when compared to diabetic control group.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of vitamin C and E administration on serum lipid profiles and liver enzymes on fructose-induced diabetes on Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by administration of 20% (20g/100ml) of fructose dissolved in distilled water for a period of six (6) weeks to the animals. After which the animals were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 (control) administered distilled water, Group 2 administered vitamin C (100mg/kg b w), Group 3 administered vitamin E (100mg/kg b w) and Group 4 administered Metformin (250 mg/kg b w). The results obtained showed a statistical significant reduction (p<0.05) in the level of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in all groups administered vitamin C (100 mg/kg b w) and E (100 mg/kg b w) when compared to diabetic control group. However, the serum level of high density lipoprotein was significant increase in the group treated with vitamin E (100 mg/kg b w) when compared to diabetic control group. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) levels of all serum liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) in the groups treated with Vitamin C and Metformin. However, serum AST there was no significant change in the group treated with vitamin E (100 mg/kg b w).